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1 England, George
[br]b. 1811 or 1812 Newcastle upon Tyne, Englandd. 4 March 1878 Cannes, France[br]English locomotive builder who built the first locomotives for the narrow-gauge Festiniog Railway.[br]England trained with John Penn \& Sons, marine engine and boilermakers, and set up his own business at Hatcham Iron Works, South London, in about 1840. This was initially a general engineering business and made traversing screw jacks, which England had patented, but by 1850 it was building locomotives. One of these, Little England, a 2–2– 2T light locomotive owing much to the ideas of W.Bridges Adams, was exhibited at the Great Exhibition of 1851, and England then prospered, supplying many railways at home and abroad with small locomotives. In 1863 he built two exceptionally small 0–4–0 tank locomotives for the Festiniog Railway, which enabled the latter's Manager and Engineer C.E. Spooner to introduce steam traction on this line with its gauge of just under 2 ft (60 cm). England's works had a reputation for good workmanship, suggesting he inspired loyalty among his employees, yet he also displayed increasingly tyrannical behaviour towards them: the culmination was a disastrous strike in 1865 that resulted in the loss of a substantial order from the South Eastern Railway. From 1866 George England became associated with development of locomotives to the patent of Robert Fairlie, but in 1869 he retired due to ill health and leased his works to a partnership of his son (also called George England), Robert Fairlie and J.S.Fraser under the title of the Fairlie Engine \& Steam Carriage Company. However, George England junior died within a few months, locomotive production ceased in 1870 and the works was sold off two years later.[br]Bibliography1839, British patent no. 8,058 (traversing screw jack).Further ReadingAspects of England's life and work are described in: C.H.Dickson, 1961, "Locomotive builders of the past", Stephenson Locomotive Society Journal, p. 138.A.R.Bennett, 1907, "Locomotive building in London", Railway Magazine, p. 382.R.Weaver, 1983, "English Ponies", Festiniog Railway Magazine (spring): 18.PJGR -
2 Siemens, Dr Ernst Werner von
[br]b. 13 December 1816 Lenthe, near Hanover, Germanyd. 6 December 1892 Berlin, Germany[br]German pioneer of the dynamo, builder of the first electric railway.[br]Werner von Siemens was the eldest of a large family and after the early death of his parents took his place at its head. He served in the Prussian artillery, being commissioned in 1839, after which he devoted himself to the study of chemistry and physics. In 1847 Siemens and J.G. Halske formed a company, Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens und Halske, to manufacture a dial telegraph which they had developed from an earlier instrument produced by Charles Wheatstone. In 1848 Siemens obtained his discharge from the army and he and Halske constructed the first long-distance telegraph line on the European continent, between Berlin and Frankfurt am Main.Werner von Siemens's younger brother, William Siemens, had settled in Britain in 1844 and was appointed agent for the Siemens \& Halske company in 1851. Later, an English subsidiary company was formed, known from 1865 as Siemens Brothers. It specialized in manufacturing and laying submarine telegraph cables: the specialist cable-laying ship Faraday, launched for the purpose in 1874, was the prototype of later cable ships and in 1874–5 laid the first cable to run direct from the British Isles to the USA. In charge of Siemens Brothers was another brother, Carl, who had earlier established a telegraph network in Russia.In 1866 Werner von Siemens demonstrated the principle of the dynamo in Germany, but it took until 1878 to develop dynamos and electric motors to the point at which they could be produced commercially. The following year, 1879, Werner von Siemens built the first electric railway, and operated it at the Berlin Trades Exhibition. It comprised an oval line, 300 m (985 it) long, with a track gauge of 1 m (3 ft 3 1/2 in.); upon this a small locomotive hauled three small passenger coaches. The locomotive drew current at 150 volts from a third rail between the running rails, through which it was returned. In four months, more than 80,000 passengers were carried. The railway was subsequently demonstrated in Brussels, and in London, in 1881. That same year Siemens built a permanent electric tramway, 1 1/2 miles (2 1/2 km) long, on the outskirts of Berlin. In 1882 in Berlin he tried out a railless electric vehicle which drew electricity from a two-wire overhead line: this was the ancestor of the trolleybus.In the British Isles, an Act of Parliament was obtained in 1880 for the Giant's Causeway Railway in Ireland with powers to work it by "animal, mechanical or electrical power"; although Siemens Brothers were electrical engineers to the company, of which William Siemens was a director, delays in construction were to mean that the first railway in the British Isles to operate regular services by electricity was that of Magnus Volk.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary doctorate, Berlin University 1860. Ennobled by Kaiser Friedrich III 1880, after which he became known as von Siemens.Further ReadingS.von Weiher, 1972, "The Siemens brothers, pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45 (describes the Siemens's careers). C.E.Lee, 1979, The birth of electric traction', Railway Magazine (May) (describes Werner Siemens's introduction of the electric railway).Transactions of the Newcomen Society (1979) 50: 82–3 (describes Siemens's and Halske's early electric telegraph instruments).Transactions of the Newcomen Society (1961) 33: 93 (describes the railless electric vehicle).PJGRBiographical history of technology > Siemens, Dr Ernst Werner von
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3 Volk, Magnus
[br]b. 19 October 1851 Brighton, Englandd. 20 May 1937 Brighton, England[br]English pioneer in the use of electric power; built the first electric railway in the British Isles to operate a regular service.[br]Volk was the son of a German immigrant clockmaker and continued the business with his mother after his father died in 1869, although when he married in 1879 his profession was described as "electrician". He installed Brighton's first telephone the same year and in 1880 he installed electric lighting in his own house, using a Siemens Brothers dynamo (see Siemens, Dr Ernst Werner von) driven by a Crossley gas engine. This was probably one of the first half-dozen such installations in Britain. Magnus Volk \& Co. became noted electrical manufacturers and contractors, and, inter alia, installed electric light in Brighton Pavilion in place of gas.By 1883 Volk had moved house. He had kept the dynamo and gas engine used to light his previous house, and he also had available an electric motor from a cancelled order. After approaching the town clerk of Brighton, he was given permission for a limited period to build and operate a 2 ft (61 cm) gauge electric railway along the foreshore. Using the electrical equipment he already had, Volk built the line, a quarter of a mile (400 m) long, in eight weeks. The car was built by a local coachbuilder, with the motor under the seat; electric current at 50 volts was drawn from one running rail and returned through the other.The railway was opened on 4 August 1883. It operated regularly for several months and then, permission to run it having been renewed, it was rebuilt for the 1884 season to 2 ft 9 in. (84 cm) gauge, with improved equipment. Despite storm damage from time to time, Volk's Electric Railway, extended in length, has become an enduring feature of Brighton's sea front. In 1887 Volk made an electric dogcart, and an electric van which he built for the Sultan of Turkey was probably the first motor vehicle built in Britain for export. In 1896 he opened the Brighton \& Rottingdean Seashore Electric Tramroad, with very wide-gauge track laid between the high-and low-tide lines, and a long-legged, multi-wheel car to run upon it, through the water if necessary. This lasted only until 1901, however. Volk subsequently became an early enthusiast for aircraft.[br]Further ReadingC.Volk, 1971, Magnus Volk of Brighton, Chichester: Phillimore (his life and career as described by his son).C.E.Lee, 1979, "The birth of electric traction", Railway Magazine (May).PJGR -
4 Davidson, Robert
[br]b. 18 April 1804 Aberdeen, Scotlandd. 16 November 1894 Aberdeen, Scotland[br]Scottish chemist, pioneer of electric power and builder of the first electric railway locomotives.[br]Davidson, son of an Aberdeen merchant, attended Marischal College, Aberdeen, between 1819 and 1822: his studies included mathematics, mechanics and chemistry. He subsequently joined his father's grocery business, which from time to time received enquiries for yeast: to meet these, Davidson began to manufacture yeast for sale and from that start built up a successful chemical manufacturing business with the emphasis on yeast and dyes. About 1837 he started to experiment first with electric batteries and then with motors. He invented a form of electromagnetic engine in which soft iron bars arranged on the periphery of a wooden cylinder, parallel to its axis, around which the cylinder could rotate, were attracted by fixed electromagnets. These were energized in turn by current controlled by a simple commutaring device. Electric current was produced by his batteries. His activities were brought to the attention of Michael Faraday and to the scientific world in general by a letter from Professor Forbes of King's College, Aberdeen. Davidson declined to patent his inventions, believing that all should be able freely to draw advantage from them, and in order to afford an opportunity for all interested parties to inspect them an exhibition was held at 36 Union Street, Aberdeen, in October 1840 to demonstrate his "apparatus actuated by electro-magnetic power". It included: a model locomotive carriage, large enough to carry two people, that ran on a railway; a turning lathe with tools for visitors to use; and a small printing machine. In the spring of 1842 he put on a similar exhibition in Edinburgh, this time including a sawmill. Davidson sought support from railway companies for further experiments and the construction of an electromagnetic locomotive; the Edinburgh exhibition successfully attracted the attention of the proprietors of the Edinburgh 585\& Glasgow Railway (E \& GR), whose line had been opened in February 1842. Davidson built a full-size locomotive incorporating his principle, apparently at the expense of the railway company. The locomotive weighed 7 tons: each of its two axles carried a cylinder upon which were fastened three iron bars, and four electromagnets were arranged in pairs on each side of the cylinders. The motors he used were reluctance motors, the power source being zinc-iron batteries. It was named Galvani and was demonstrated on the E \& GR that autumn, when it achieved a speed of 4 mph (6.4 km/h) while hauling a load of 6 tons over a distance of 1 1/2 miles (2.4 km); it was the first electric locomotive. Nevertheless, further support from the railway company was not forthcoming, although to some railway workers the locomotive seems to have appeared promising enough: they destroyed it in Luddite reaction. Davidson staged a further exhibition in London in 1843 without result and then, the cost of battery chemicals being high, ceased further experiments of this type. He survived long enough to see the electric railway become truly practicable in the 1880s.[br]Bibliography1840, letter, Mechanics Magazine, 33:53–5 (comparing his machine with that of William Hannis Taylor (2 November 1839, British patent no. 8,255)).Further Reading1891, Electrical World, 17:454.J.H.R.Body, 1935, "A note on electro-magnetic engines", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 14:104 (describes Davidson's locomotive).F.J.G.Haut, 1956, "The early history of the electric locomotive", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 27 (describes Davidson's locomotive).A.F.Anderson, 1974, "Unusual electric machines", Electronics \& Power 14 (November) (biographical information).—1975, "Robert Davidson. Father of the electric locomotive", Proceedings of the Meeting on the History of Electrical Engineering Institution of Electrical Engineers, 8/1–8/17 (the most comprehensive account of Davidson's work).A.C.Davidson, 1976, "Ingenious Aberdonian", Scots Magazine (January) (details of his life).PJGR / GW -
5 underground
1.['] adverb2.go underground — untertauchen; in den Untergrund gehen
['] adjective1) unterirdisch [Höhle, See]underground railway — Untergrundbahn, die
underground car park — Tiefgarage, die
2) (fig.): (secret)3.['] noun1) (railway) U-Bahn, die* * *1. adjective(below the surface of the ground: underground railways; underground streams.) unterirdisch2. adverb2) (into hiding: He will go underground if the police start looking for him.) der Untergrund3. noun((American subway) an underground railway: She hates travelling by/on the underground.) die U-Bahn* * *ˈunder·groundI. adj\underground cable Erdkabel nt2. POL, ECON Untergrund-\underground economy Schattenwirtschaft f\underground movement Untergrundbewegung f\underground station U-Bahn-Station fII. advyou can park \underground below the cinema du kannst in der Tiefgarage unter dem Kino parken2. POLto drive sb \underground jdn in den Untergrund zwingento go \underground in den Untergrund gehenIII. n▪ by \underground mit der U-Bahn2. POL▪ the \underground der Untergrunda member of the \underground ein Mitglied nt der Untergrundbewegung3. ART, FASHION▪ the \underground die Undergroundbewegung* * *['ʌndəgraʊnd]1. adj1) explosion, lake, cave, passage unterirdischor railroad (US) — Untergrundbahn f
2) (fig: secret) Untergrund-3) (= alternative) Underground-2. adv1) unterirdisch; (MIN) unter Tage2) (fig)3. n* * *A adv [ˌ-ˈɡraʊnd]1. unter der oder die Erde, unterirdisch2. fig im Verborgenen, heimlich, geheim:a) POL zur Untergrundbewegung werden,b) POL in den Untergrund gehen,c) unter-, abtauchenB adj [ˈ-ɡraʊnd]1. unterirdisch:underground cable Erdkabel n;underground car park, underground garage Tiefgarage f;underground pipe erdverlegtes Rohr;underground water Grundwasser n2. Bergbau: unter Tag(e):underground mining Untertag(e)bau m3. TECH Tiefbau…:underground engineering Tiefbau m4. fig Untergrund…, Geheim…, verborgen:underground fighter POL Untergrundkämpfer(in);5. KUNST etc Underground…:C s [ˈ-ɡraʊnd]1. unterirdischer Raum oder (Durch)Gang2. besonders Br Untergrundbahn f, U-Bahn f3. POL Untergrund(bewegung) m(f)4. KUNST etc Underground m (avantgardistische Protestbewegung gegen das kulturelle Establishment)* * *1.['] adverb1) (beneath surface of ground) unter der Erde; (Mining) unter Tage2.go underground — untertauchen; in den Untergrund gehen
['] adjective1) unterirdisch [Höhle, See]underground railway — Untergrundbahn, die
underground car park — Tiefgarage, die
2) (fig.): (secret)3.['] noun1) (railway) U-Bahn, die* * *n.Untergrund m. -
6 Lartigue, Charles François Marie-Thérèse
[br]b. 1834 Toulouse, France d. 1907[br]French engineer and businessman, inventor of the Lartigue monorail.[br]Lartigue worked as a civil engineer in Algeria and while there invented a simple monorail for industrial or agricultural use. It comprised a single rail carried on trestles; vehicles comprised a single wheel with two tubs suspended either side, like panniers. These were pushed or pulled by hand or, occasionally, hauled by mule. Such lines were used in Algerian esparto-grass plantations.In 1882 he patented a monorail system based on this arrangement, with important improvements: traction was to be mechanical; vehicles were to have two or four wheels and to be able to be coupled together; and the trestles were to have, on each side, a light guide rail upon which horizontal rollers beneath the vehicles would bear. Early in 1883 the Lartigue Railway Construction Company was formed in London and two experimental prototype monorails were subsequently demonstrated in public. One, at the Paris Agricultural Exhibition, had an electric locomotive that was built in two parts, one either side of the rail to maintain balance, hauling small wagons. The other prototype, in London, had a small, steam locomotive with two vertical boilers and was designed by Anatole Mallet. By now Lartigue had become associated with F.B. Behr. Behr was Managing Director of the construction company and of the Listowel \& Ballybunion Railway Company, which obtained an Act of Parliament in 1886 to built a Lartigue monorail railway in the South West of Ireland between those two places. Its further development and successful operation are described in the article on Behr in this volume.A much less successful attempt to establish a Lartigue monorail railway took place in France, in the départment of Loire. In 1888 the council of the département agreed to a proposal put forward by Lartigue for a 10 1/2 mile (17 km) long monorail between the towns of Feurs and Panissières: the agreement was reached on the casting vote of the Chairman, a contact of Lartigue. A concession was granted to successive companies with which Lartigue was closely involved, but construction of the line was attended by muddle, delay and perhaps fraud, although it was completed sufficiently for trial trains to operate. The locomotive had two horizontal boilers, one either side of the track. But the inspectors of the department found deficiencies in the completeness and probable safety of the railway; when they did eventually agree to opening on a limited scale, the company claimed to have insufficient funds to do so unless monies owed by the department were paid. In the end the concession was forfeited and the line dismantled. More successful was an electrically operated Lartigue mineral line built at mines in the eastern Pyrenees.It appears to have reused equipment from the electric demonstration line, with modifications, and included gradients as steep as 1 in 12. There was no generating station: descending trains generated the electricity to power ascending ones. This line is said to have operated for at least two years.[br]Bibliography1882, French patent no. 149,301 (monorail system). 1882, British patent no. 2,764 (monorail system).Further ReadingD.G.Tucker, 1984, "F.B.Behr's development of the Lartigue monorail", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 55 (describes Lartigue and his work).P.H.Chauffort and J.-L.Largier, 1981, "Le monorail de Feurs à Panissières", Chemin defer régionaux et urbains (magazine of the Fédération des Amis des Chemins de FerSecondaires) 164 (in French; describes Lartigue and his work).PJGRBiographical history of technology > Lartigue, Charles François Marie-Thérèse
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7 Westinghouse, George
[br]b. 6 October 1846 Central Bridge, New York, USAd. 12 March 1914 New York, New York, USA[br]American inventor and entrepreneur, pioneer of air brakes for railways and alternating-current distribution of electricity.[br]George Westinghouse's father was an ingenious manufacturer of agricultural implements; the son, after a spell in the Union Army during the Civil War, and subsequently in the Navy as an engineer, went to work for his father. He invented a rotary steam engine, which proved impracticable; a rerailing device for railway rolling stock in 1865; and a cast-steel frog for railway points, with longer life than the cast-iron frogs then used, in 1868–9. During the same period Westinghouse, like many other inventors, was considering how best to meet the evident need for a continuous brake for trains, i.e. one by which the driver could apply the brakes on all vehicles in a train simultaneously instead of relying on brakesmen on individual vehicles. By chance he encountered a magazine article about the construction of the Mont Cenis Tunnel, with a description of the pneumatic tools invented for it, and from this it occurred to him that compressed air might be used to operate the brakes along a train.The first prototype was ready in 1869 and the Westinghouse Air Brake Company was set up to manufacture it. However, despite impressive demonstration of the brake's powers when it saved the test train from otherwise certain collision with a horse-drawn dray on a level crossing, railways were at first slow to adopt it. Then in 1872 Westinghouse added to it the triple valve, which enabled the train pipe to charge reservoirs beneath each vehicle, from which the compressed air would apply the brakes when pressure in the train pipe was reduced. This meant that the brake was now automatic: if a train became divided, the brakes on both parts would be applied. From then on, more and more American railways adopted the Westinghouse brake and the Railroad Safety Appliance Act of 1893 made air brakes compulsory in the USA. Air brakes were also adopted in most other parts of the world, although only a minority of British railway companies took them up, the remainder, with insular reluctance, preferring the less effective vacuum brake.From 1880 Westinghouse was purchasing patents relating to means of interlocking railway signals and points; he combined them with his own inventions to produce a complete signalling system. The first really practical power signalling scheme, installed in the USA by Westinghouse in 1884, was operated pneumatically, but the development of railway signalling required an awareness of the powers of electricity, and it was probably this that first led Westinghouse to become interested in electrical processes and inventions. The Westinghouse Electric Company was formed in 1886: it pioneered the use of electricity distribution systems using high-voltage single-phase alternating current, which it developed from European practice. Initially this was violently opposed by established operators of direct-current distribution systems, but eventually the use of alternating current became widespread.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsLégion d'honneur. Order of the Crown of Italy. Order of Leopold.BibliographyWestinghouse took out some 400 patents over forty-eight years.Further ReadingH.G.Prout, 1922, A Life of "George Westinghouse", London (biography inclined towards technicalities).F.E.Leupp, 1918, George Westinghouse: His Life and Achievements, Boston (London 1919) (biography inclined towards Westinghouse and his career).J.F.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 152–4.PJGR -
8 Sprague, Frank Julian
[br]b. 25 July 1857 Milford, Connecticut, USAd. 25 October 1934 New York, USA[br]American electrical engineer and inventor, a leading innovator in electric propulsion systems for urban transport.[br]Graduating from the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, in 1878, Sprague served at sea and with various shore establishments. In 1883 he resigned from the Navy and obtained employment with the Edison Company; but being convinced that the use of electricity for motive power was as important as that for illumination, in 1884 he founded the Sprague Electric Railway and Motor Company. Sprague began to develop reliable and efficient motors in large sizes, marketing 15 hp (11 kW) examples by 1885. He devised the method of collecting current by using a wooden, spring-loaded rod to press a roller against the underside of an overhead wire. The installation by Sprague in 1888 of a street tramway on a large scale in Richmond, Virginia, was to become the prototype of the universally adopted trolley system with overhead conductor and the beginning of commercial electric traction. Following the success of the Richmond tramway the company equipped sixty-seven other railways before its merger with Edison General Electric in 1890. The Sprague traction motor supported on the axle of electric streetcars and flexibly mounted to the bogie set a pattern that was widely adopted for many years.Encouraged by successful experiments with multiple-sheave electric elevators, the Sprague Elevator Company was formed and installed the first set of high-speed passenger cars in 1893–4. These effectively displaced hydraulic elevators in larger buildings. From experience with control systems for these, he developed his system of multiple-unit control for electric trains, which other engineers had considered impracticable. In Sprague's system, a master controller situated in the driver's cab operated electrically at a distance the contactors and reversers which controlled the motors distributed down the train. After years of experiment, Sprague's multiple-unit control was put into use for the first time in 1898 by the Chicago South Side Elevated Railway: within fifteen years multiple-unit operation was used worldwide.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1892–3. Franklin Institute Elliot Cresson Medal 1904, Franklin Medal 1921. American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1910.Bibliography1888, "The solution of municipal rapid transit", Trans. AIEE 5:352–98. See "The multiple unit system for electric railways", Cassiers Magazine, (1899) London, repub. 1960, 439–460.1934, "Digging in “The Mines of the Motor”", Electrical Engineering 53, New York: 695–706 (a short autobiography).Further ReadingLionel Calisch, 1913, Electric Traction, London: The Locomotive Publishing Co., Ch. 6 (for a near-contemporary view of Sprague's multiple-unit control).D.C.Jackson, 1934, "Frank Julian Sprague", Scientific Monthly 57:431–41.H.C.Passer, 1952, "Frank Julian Sprague: father of electric traction", in Men of Business, ed. W. Miller, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 212–37 (a reliable account).——1953, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875–1900, Cambridge, Mass. P.Ransome-Wallis (ed.), 1959, The Concise Encyclopaedia of World RailwayLocomotives, London: Hutchinson, p. 143..John Marshall, 1978, A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.GW / PJGR -
9 обойма
1) General subject: cage (подшипника), girdle, hoop, retainer, yoke2) Naval: magazine tube3) Medicine: clip (сшивающего аппарата)4) Military: (патронная) clip, (патронная) magazine, magazine charger5) Engineering: band, becket, box, bracket, case, clip (трансформатора), collar, container (пресс-формы), fixed block, fixture, frame, holder, housing, lower shield (ламповой панели), race cage, ring, rocker (качающейся печи), skirt (ламповой панели), (турбины) vane carrier6) Chemistry: bolster8) Railway term: cone (конического подшипника)9) Automobile industry: ferrule10) Mining: socket11) Metallurgy: yoke (напр. завалочной тележки)12) Electronics: ball race13) Information technology: yoke (группа скреплённых головок чтения - записи), yoke (группа скрепленных головок чтения-записи)14) Oil: casing, chase, race (подшипника), socket sleeve, shackle15) Mechanic engineering: fork17) Automation: becket (для закрепления стропа), chase (пресс-формы), framework, shell, sleeve18) Plastics: die block, nest plate (в формах для литья под давлением)20) Arms production: charger (патронная), loading clip, stripper clip (не путать с магазином)21) Chemical weapons: cartridge-clip (испытания сверла, drill tests)22) Makarov: box (щёткодержателя), cartridge, magazine, pocket, raceway (подшипника)23) Security: cartridge clip (стрелкового оружия), charger (стрелкового оружия)24) Electrical engineering: bracket (подшипника) -
10 underground
1.
adjective(below the surface of the ground: underground railways; underground streams.) subterráneo
2. adverb1) ((to a position) under the surface of the ground: Rabbits live underground.) bajo tierra2) (into hiding: He will go underground if the police start looking for him.) en la clandestinidad, clandestinamente
3.
noun((American subway) an underground railway: She hates travelling by/on the underground.) metrounderground1 adj subterráneounderground2 n metro
underground adjetivo underground
cómic/cine/ literatura underground, underground comics/cinema/literature ' underground' also found in these entries: Spanish: baja - bajo - boca - clandestina - clandestinidad - clandestino - metro - perderse - soterrar - subte - subterránea - subterráneo - metropolitano English: captive - construction - underground - sewer1 subterráneo,-a2 figurative use clandestino,-a3 figurative use (cinema, music) underground1 (railway) metro2 (resistance) resistencia■ she joined the underground to fight the Germans se incorporó a la resistencia para luchar contra los alemanes1 bajo tierra2 figurative use (secretly) en la clandestinidad, clandestinamenteunderground [.ʌndər'graʊnd] adv1) : bajo tierra2) secretly: clandestinamente, en secretoto go underground: pasar a la clandestinidadunderground ['ʌndər.graʊnd] adj1) subterranean: subterráneo2) secret: secreto, clandestinounderground ['ʌndər.graʊnd] n: movimiento m o grupo m clandestinon.• ferrocarril subterráneo s.m.adj.• clandestino, -a adj.• subsuelo, -a adj.• subterráneo, -a adj.adv.• bajo tierra adv.n.• metro s.m.• resistencia s.f.
I 'ʌndərgraʊnd, 'ʌndəgraʊndadjective (before n)a) <cave/stream/parking> subterráneob) < organization> clandestinoc) ( avant-garde) <music/film> underground adj inv
II 'ʌndər'graʊnd, ˌʌndə'graʊnda) ( under the earth) bajo tierrab) ( into hiding)
III 'ʌndərgraʊnd, 'ʌndəgraʊndmass & count noun1) alsoUnderground — (BrE Transp) metro m, subterráneo m (RPl)
to go on the underground o by underground — viajar or ir* en metro or (RPl) subterráneo
2)a) ( secret organization) movimiento m clandestinob) ( subculture) underground m['ʌndǝɡraʊnd]1. ADJ1) [building, cave, mine] subterráneo2) (fig) [newspaper, movement] clandestino3) (=alternative) [film, magazine, artist, culture] underground inv2. ADV1) (=under the ground) bajo tierra2) (fig) (=into hiding)to go underground — (=hide) esconderse; (Pol) pasar a la clandestinidad
3. N1) (Brit) (=railway) metro m, subterráneo m (Arg), subte m (Arg) *2) (Mil) resistencia f clandestina; (Pol) movimiento m clandestino; (Art) arte m marginal or underground* * *
I ['ʌndərgraʊnd, 'ʌndəgraʊnd]adjective (before n)a) <cave/stream/parking> subterráneob) < organization> clandestinoc) ( avant-garde) <music/film> underground adj inv
II ['ʌndər'graʊnd, ˌʌndə'graʊnd]a) ( under the earth) bajo tierrab) ( into hiding)
III ['ʌndərgraʊnd, 'ʌndəgraʊnd]mass & count noun1) alsoUnderground — (BrE Transp) metro m, subterráneo m (RPl)
to go on the underground o by underground — viajar or ir* en metro or (RPl) subterráneo
2)a) ( secret organization) movimiento m clandestinob) ( subculture) underground m -
11 бункер
2) Geology: transfer bin3) Naval: bunker4) Sports: (на гольф-поле-песчаная ловушка, специально сделанная на поле чтобы усложнить задачу игрока.) bunker5) Military: bunker6) Engineering: basket (хлопкоуборочной машины), bowl, hopper, silo, underground shelter (подземное укрытие)7) Agriculture: tanker (для зерна на комбайне)9) Construction: batch truck (на передвижных машинах), hopper-bottomed, storage bin, storage bunker (для хранения сыпучих тел), storage silo, garbage hopper (для отходов)10) Railway term: batch box, coal bin, hopper box, loading bin, loading pocket, silo (напр. для цемента)11) Economy: bunker (топливная цистерна), oil (топливо)13) Mining: bin (на передвижных машинах), bunker (на передвижных машинах), hurley, movable bunker (на передвижных машинах), pocket (у ствола шахты), poket (у ствола шахты), portable bin (на передвижных машинах), travelling bin (на передвижных машинах)14) Metallurgy: (загрузочный) magazine, storage hopper15) Polygraphy: hopper (напр. листоподборочной машины), hopper source16) Textile: stall17) Oil: fuel hopper, p-tank, blockhouse18) Sociology: emergency shelter19) Astronautics: block house, firing room20) Silicates: box21) Coolers: bunker (для льда), container22) Drilling: charger23) Oil&Gas technology mixing hopper24) Microelectronics: charging hopper, load hopper, loading hopper25) Polymers: distributor hopper26) Automation: feed magazine, feeder, hopper-type bin, magazine, pan, storage tower, supply bin27) Plastics: feed chute28) Chemical weapons: bunker (sometimes called an igloo) (хранилище), hopper (хранилище), igloo (хранилище), storage hopper (хранилище)29) Makarov: banker, bin (ёмкость для хранения, дозирования сыпучих и кусковых материалов), hopper (ёмкость для хранения, дозирования сыпучих и кусковых материалов), silo (для хранения цемента и т.п.), tank (для зерна на комбайне)30) Gold mining: bin (дробилки), hutch (отсадочной машины)31) Oil processing plants: pit32) Aluminium industry: reservoir -
12 приёмник
1) General subject: container, receiver, receiving set, receptacle, recipient, save-all, transducer2) Medicine: box3) Latin: receptaculum5) Engineering: accumulator, bin, blastphone, listener (в канале связи), magazine, receiving apparatus, receiving box, receptor, reservoir, sink, stacker, vessel6) Agriculture: collector7) Construction: reception basin, boot, intake8) Mathematics: follower9) Railway term: pick up unit10) Law: reception center11) Architecture: reception centre13) Metallurgy: catchpot14) Electronics: receiving terminal15) Information technology: input magazine (для перфокарт), listener (информации), receive end, receiving magazine (для перфокарт)16) Oil: adapter, collecting box, decanter, receiver (дистиллята), receiving detector, receiving tank17) Astronautics: set18) Geophysics: detector, pickup, receiver tool19) Mechanic engineering: pan21) Mechanics: receiving transducer22) Advertising: set (радио или телевизионный)23) Drilling: receiving device24) Sakhalin energy glossary: discharge drum25) Network technologies: destination, target, transfer target26) Polymers: tank28) Robots: receiver (сигнала), receptacle (напр. для образцов, собираемых исследовательским роботом), recipient (сигнала)29) Sakhalin S: discharge drum ( compressor) (компрессора)31) Makarov: cup (живицы), hot well (вакуум-аппарата), sink (данных, сообщений), sink (сточных вод) -
13 приемник
1) General subject: container, receiver, receiving set, receptacle, recipient, save-all, transducer2) Medicine: box3) Latin: receptaculum5) Engineering: accumulator, bin, blastphone, listener (в канале связи), magazine, receiving apparatus, receiving box, receptor, reservoir, sink, stacker, vessel6) Agriculture: collector7) Construction: reception basin, boot, intake8) Mathematics: follower9) Railway term: pick up unit10) Law: reception center11) Architecture: reception centre13) Metallurgy: catchpot14) Electronics: receiving terminal15) Information technology: input magazine (для перфокарт), listener (информации), receive end, receiving magazine (для перфокарт)16) Oil: adapter, collecting box, decanter, receiver (дистиллята), receiving detector, receiving tank17) Astronautics: set18) Geophysics: detector, pickup, receiver tool19) Mechanic engineering: pan21) Mechanics: receiving transducer22) Advertising: set (радио или телевизионный)23) Drilling: receiving device24) Sakhalin energy glossary: discharge drum25) Network technologies: destination, target, transfer target26) Polymers: tank28) Robots: receiver (сигнала), receptacle (напр. для образцов, собираемых исследовательским роботом), recipient (сигнала)29) Sakhalin S: discharge drum ( compressor) (компрессора)31) Makarov: cup (живицы), hot well (вакуум-аппарата), sink (данных, сообщений), sink (сточных вод) -
14 приемник
1) General subject: container, receiver, receiving set, receptacle, recipient, save-all, transducer2) Medicine: box3) Latin: receptaculum5) Engineering: accumulator, bin, blastphone, listener (в канале связи), magazine, receiving apparatus, receiving box, receptor, reservoir, sink, stacker, vessel6) Agriculture: collector7) Construction: reception basin, boot, intake8) Mathematics: follower9) Railway term: pick up unit10) Law: reception center11) Architecture: reception centre13) Metallurgy: catchpot14) Electronics: receiving terminal15) Information technology: input magazine (для перфокарт), listener (информации), receive end, receiving magazine (для перфокарт)16) Oil: adapter, collecting box, decanter, receiver (дистиллята), receiving detector, receiving tank17) Astronautics: set18) Geophysics: detector, pickup, receiver tool19) Mechanic engineering: pan21) Mechanics: receiving transducer22) Advertising: set (радио или телевизионный)23) Drilling: receiving device24) Sakhalin energy glossary: discharge drum25) Network technologies: destination, target, transfer target26) Polymers: tank28) Robots: receiver (сигнала), receptacle (напр. для образцов, собираемых исследовательским роботом), recipient (сигнала)29) Sakhalin S: discharge drum ( compressor) (компрессора)31) Makarov: cup (живицы), hot well (вакуум-аппарата), sink (данных, сообщений), sink (сточных вод) -
15 rack
I ræk noun(a frame or shelf in or on which objects (eg letters, plates, luggage etc) are put until they are wanted or needed: Put these tools back in the rack; Put your bag in the luggage-rack.) estante
II ræk
III rækrack n soporteEn general es una estructura para guardar cosas. Hay racks de muchas clases y con traducciones variadastr[ræk]1 (destruction) ruina\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto go to rack and ruin venirse abajo————————tr[ræk]1 estante nombre masculino2 SMALLAUTOMOBILES/SMALL baca3 (on train) rejilla4 (for torture) potro1 atormentar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto rack one's brains devanarse los sesosrack ['ræk] vt1) : atormentarracked with pain: atormentado por el dolor2)to rack one's brains : devanarse los sesosrack n1) shelf, stand: estante ma luggage rack: un portaequipajesa coatrack: un perchero, una percha2) : potro m (instrumento de la tortura)n.• baca (Automóvil) s.f.n.• armazón s.m.• bastidor (Electrónica) s.m.• cremallera s.f.• estante s.m.• estante metálico s.m.• percha s.f.• perchero s.m.• rueda s.f.• ruina s.f.
I ræk1)a) ( shelf) estante m; ( for documents) organizador m; ( for baggage) rejilla f, portaequipajes m; ( bottle rack) botellero m; ( clothes rack) perchero m; ( drying rack) tendedero m; see also magazine 1) a)b)off the rack — (AmE) de confección
2) ( for torture) potro m (de tortura)to go to rack and ruin — venirse* abajo
II
a) ( shake) (often pass) sacudirto be racked WITH something: to be racked with pain sufrir dolores atroces; to be racked with doubt/guilt — estar* atormentado por la duda/el remordimiento
Phrasal Verbs:- rack up
I [ræk]1. N1) (=dish rack) escurridor m, escurreplatos m inv ; (=clothes rack) perchero m, percha f ; (=luggage rack) (Rail) portaequipajes m inv, rejilla f ; (=roof rack) baca f, portaequipajes m inv, parrilla f (And); (=mechanical rack) cremallera fto buy clothes off the rack — (US) comprar ropa de percha
2) (for torture) potro mto be on the rack — (fig) estar en ascuas
3) (Snooker, Pool) triángulo m2. VT1) [pain] atormentar; [cough] sacudir- rack one's brains2) [+ wine] (also: rack off) trasegar3.CPDrack railway N — ferrocarril m de cremallera
- rack up
II
[ræk]Nto go to rack and ruin — [building] echarse a perder, venirse abajo; [business] arruinarse, tronar (LAm); [country] arruinarse; [person] dejarse ir
* * *
I [ræk]1)a) ( shelf) estante m; ( for documents) organizador m; ( for baggage) rejilla f, portaequipajes m; ( bottle rack) botellero m; ( clothes rack) perchero m; ( drying rack) tendedero m; see also magazine 1) a)b)off the rack — (AmE) de confección
2) ( for torture) potro m (de tortura)to go to rack and ruin — venirse* abajo
II
a) ( shake) (often pass) sacudirto be racked WITH something: to be racked with pain sufrir dolores atroces; to be racked with doubt/guilt — estar* atormentado por la duda/el remordimiento
Phrasal Verbs:- rack up -
16 employee
ˌemplɔɪˈi: рабочий;
служащий;
работающий по найму - the mill's *s рабочие и служащие фабрики - * magazine журнал для рабочих и служащих (какой-л.) компании - * insurance страхование рабочих или служащих, социальное страхование - * bargaining agent (американизм) представитель работающих по найму, отстаивающий их интересы administrative ~ конторский служащий bank ~ банковский служащий bank ~ работник банка business ~ служащий предприятия central government ~ государственный служащий commercial ~ торговый работник discharge an ~ увольнять работника dismiss an ~ увольнять работника ~ health service медицинский пункт на предприятии full-time ~ работник, занятый полный рабочий день government ~ государственный служащий local government ~ муниципальный служащий managerial ~ работник администрации ~ служащий;
работающий по найму;
number of employees число занятых part-time ~ служащий, занятый неполный рабочий день public ~ государственный служащий public ~ муниципальный служащий public sector ~ государственный служащий public service ~ государственный служащий public service ~ служащий органов муниципального самоуправления railway ~ железнодорожник railway ~ работник железной дороги receiving ~ приемщик retired ~ пенсионер salaried ~ наемный работник salaried ~ служащий на твердом окладе sheeltered ~ защищенный (законом) работник state ~ государственный служащий temporary ~ временный работник unskilled ~ неквалифицированный рабочийБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > employee
-
17 employee
сущ.1) упр., эк. тр. (наемный) работник, сотрудник; служащий; рабочий (работающий на предприятии или в организации по трудовому договору за заработную плату или оклад, как правило, на позициях, не относящихся к управленческим)state employee — государственный [правительственный\] служащий
executive employee — руководитель, руководящий работник
office [clerical\] employee — конторский [канцелярский\] служащий, работник офиса
railway employee — железнодорожник, работник железной дороги
secretarial employee — служащий секретариата, канцелярский служащий
technical employee — технический служащий [работник\]
high-salaried [high-salary\] employee — высокооплачиваемый работник*, работник с высоким окладом*
low-salaried [low-salary\] employee — низкооплачиваемый работник*, работник с низким окладом*
employee bonus — премия работнику, надбавка к зарплате работника
Syn:See:administrative employee, confidential employee, contract employee, emergency employee, essential employee, exempt employee, federal employee, field employee, full-time employee, highly compensated employee, hourly employee, indeterminate employee, key employee, leased employee, long-term employee, managerial employee, nonexempt employee, non-exempt employee, nonhighly compensated employee, non-highly compensated employee, non-resident employee, office employee, part-time employee, professional employee, public employee, resident employee, retired employee, salaried employee, salary employee, state employee, temporary employee, wage employee, waged employee, employee benefits, employee buy-out, employee contribution, employee deferrals, employee director, employee discrimination, employee dishonesty, employee educational benefit, employee expenses, employee insurance, employee invention, employee involvement, employee leasing, employee magazine, employee maintenance, employee motivation, employee organization, employee participation, employee potential, employee rating, employee referral, employee relations, employee report, employee representation, employee representative, employee retention, employee share option, employee share ownership, employee stock option, employee stock ownership, employee trust, employee trust fund, employee turnover, employee welfare, employee's contribution, employees insurance, employees' insurance, employee's invention, employees' stock plan, all-employee share scheme, cafeteria employee benefit plan, employee-employer match, employee-employer matching, employee-owned company, employer-employee match, employer-employee matching, employer-employee relations, employee savings plan, harassment by low-level employees, revenue per employee, sales per employee, value added per employee, Employee Retirement Income Security Act, Confederation of Health Service Employees, International Foundation of Employee Benefit Plans, International Society of Certified Employee Benefit Specialists, National Union of Public Employees, employer, collective agreement, collective bargaining, salaryman2) упр., эк. тр., мн. персонал, штат, кадрыSyn:
* * *
рабочий, служащий, рабо-тающий по найму за деньги. -
18 open
1. Ithe door (the window, etc.) opened дверь и т.д. отворилась /распахнулась/; the door (the window, the drawer, etc.) won't open дверь и т.д. не открывается; when do the shops open? когда открываются магазины?; the ranks opened ряды расступились2. IIopen at some time open early (late, tomorrow, tonight, etc.) открываться рано и т.д.; the office opens every day контора работает ежедневно; when does the school open again? когда возобновятся занятия?; open somewhere all doors (windows, lids, etc.) open outward (inward) все двери и т.д. открываются наружу (вовнутрь); the flowers (the buds) opened everywhere повсюду распустились цветы (почки); open in some manner open immediately (quickly, slowly, easily, etc.) немедленно и т.д. открываться; the shooting season opened unfavourably охотничий сезон начался неудачно3. IIIopen smth.1) open the door (the window, a box, a gate, the book, an umbrella, etc.) открывать дверь и т.д.; open a bottle (a letter, the mail, etc.) открывать /вскрывать/ бутылку и т.д.; shall we open another bottle? откроем /откупорим/ еще бутылку?; open one's eyes (one's mouth, one's lips, smb.'s hand, etc.) открывать /раскрывать, разжимать/ глаза и т.д.; open your hand and show me what you have in it разожми кулак и покажи, что там у тебя; open a newspaper (a folding map, a parcel, etc.) развертывать /раскрывать, раскладывать/ газету и т.д.; open one's shoulders развернуть /распрямить/ плечи; open an abscess вскрыть нарыв; open the mind расширить кругозор2) open a meeting (a dance, a ball, a debate, a conversation, negotiations, Parliament, an exhibition, etc.) открывать /начинать/ собрание и т.д.; open a correspondence начинать /заводить/ переписку; open a fire открывать огонь; open an attack начинать наступление3) open a new store (a small shoe shop, a new branch, a library, a mine, a well, a quarry, a shaft, a railway line, etc.) открывать новый магазин и т.д.; he is going to open a small office он собирается открыть небольшую контору; open an account открывать счет (в банке); this man officially opened the dock верфь была официально открыта этим человеком4. IVopen smth. at some time I have not opened my mouth all day я за весь день и рта не раскрыл; he hasn't opened the letters yet он еще не вскрывал письма; the exhibition will be formally opened tomorrow выставка официально откроется завтра; what time do you open shop? сон, когда /в какое время, в котором часу/ вы начинаете работать (открываете контору и т.п.)?; open smth. in some manner open the door softly (the window quickly, a drawer easily, the gate wide, etc.) тихо отворить дверь и т.д.; open one's eyes wide широко раскрывать глаза (от удивления), сделать большие глаза; open one's mouth wide разинуть рот (от удивления)5. XIbe opened the flowers (the buds) are opened цветы (печки) распустились; be opened in some manner I'd like some roses that are not too far opened дайте мне несколько не слишком распустившихся роз; be opened for /to/ smth., smb. the railway (the subway, etc.) was opened for /to/ traffic железную дорогу и т.д. открыли [для движения]; the hospital is opened for the reception of patients больница готова принять больных; the place is opened to tourists сюда пускают туристов; the room is not opened to public inspection в эту комнату нет доступа /закрыт доступ/ для широкой публики; the hotel restaurants are opened to non-residents рестораны гостиниц обслуживают посторонних /не проживающих там/; be opened between (through, from... to) smth. a communication will be opened between the two places между этими двумя пунктами будет установлена связь; а new road was opened through the mountains в горах проложили новую дорогу; а bus line was opened from the city to the coast от города до взморья пустили автобус; be opened by smb. the new hospital was opened by the mayor новую больницу открыл мэр города6. XVI1) open on (in, at) some time open on the 1st (in January, at 12, etc.) открываться первого [числа] и т.д.; the shops do not open on Sundays магазины по воскресеньям закрыты /не работают/; the school opens at 8 занятия в школе начинаются в восемь [часов]; open from smth. open from within (from without) открываться изнутри (снаружи); open in smth. flowers (buds) open in the sun цветы (почки) распускаются на солнце2) open with smth. open with a quotation (with a short chapter, with this phrase, with a terrible murder, with a brawl, etc.) начинаться цитатой /с цитаты/ и т.д.; he opened with a remark about the weather он начал с замечания о погоде; the magazine opens with a drawing журнал открывается рисунком3) open into (on, upon, onto, to) smth. open into a smaller room (into a bedroom, into the passage, into the dining-room, into the High Street, etc.) вести /выходить/ в меньшую комнату и т.д.; the two rooms open into one another это две смежные комнаты, между этими комнатами есть дверь; the bedroom opens into a passage из спальни есть дверь в коридор; the lane opens into the main road переулок ведет /выходит/ на главную улицу; open on the garden (onto the entrance hall, on the street, upon the lawn, to the sea, etc.) выходить в сад и т.д.; what do the windows open onto? куда выходят окна?; the window opens to the west окно выходит на запад; open before /below/ smb., smth. a beautiful view (a view of the sea, etc.) opened before me (below me to the northward, before my eyes, etc.) передо мной и т.д. открылся чудесный вид и т.д.; the earth opened before her земля перед ней разверзлась; а new prospect (a great career, etc.) is opening before him перед ним открываются новые перспективы и т.д.7. XXI11) open smth. to smb., smth. open the door (the gate, the window, etc.) to smb. открывать кому-л. дверь и т.д.; open one's mind to smb. делиться с кем-л. своими мыслями; open one's heart to smb. открыть кому-л. /перед кем-л./ душу; open one's designs to smb. раскрывать кому-л. свои планы, поведать кому-л. о своих планах; open Japan to the world открыть миру Японию; open smb.'s eyes to smth. открыть кому-л. глаза на что-л.; open smth. by force open the door (the window, the gate, etc.) by force открывать дверь и т.д. силой; open smth. at some place open the book at openpage 25 открывать книгу на двадцать пятой странице2) open smth. on /at, in/ smth., smb. open fire on /at/ smth., smb. открывать огонь по чему-л., кому-л.; open an account at a bank открывать счет в банке; open an account in smb.'s name открывать счет на чье-л. имя3) open smth. through smth. open a path (a new road, etc.) through the woods (through a maze, through the fields, etc.) проложить тропинку и т.д. через лес и т.д.; open smth. between smth. open direct telegraphic communication between these countries (steam navigation between the continents, etc.) установить прямую телеграфную связь между этими странами и т.д.; open smth. for /to/ smth. open a new bridge (the canal, the road, etc.) for /to/ traffic открыть для движения новый мост и т.д.; open smth. to (for) smb. open a park to the public открыть парк для широкой публики; open new prospects for smb. открывать новые перспективы перед кем-л. -
19 depot
депо имя существительное:железнодорожная станция (railway station, station, depot)имя прилагательное: -
20 dépôt
Dépôt имя существительное:железнодорожная станция (railway station, station, depot)имя прилагательное:
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